Volcano video data characterized and classified using computer vision and machine learning algorithms     

《地学前缘(英文版)》2020,11(5):1789-1803

Video cameras are common at volcano observatories,but their utility is often limited during periods of crisis due to the large data volume from continuous acquisition and time requirements for manual analysis.For cameras to serve as effective monitoring tools,video frames must be synthesized into relevant time series signals and further analyzed to classify and characterize observable activity.In this study,we use computer vision and machine learning algorithms to identify periods of volcanic activity and quantify plume rise velocities from video observations.Data were collected at Villarrica Volcano,Chile from two visible band cameras located～17 km from the vent that recorded at 0.1 and 30 frames per second between February and April 2015.Over these two months,Villarrica exhibited a diverse range of eruptive activity,including a paroxysmal eruption on 3 March.Prior to and after the eruption,activity included nighttime incandescence,dark and light emissions,inactivity,and periods of cloud cover.We quantify the color and spatial extent of plume emissions using a blob detection algorithm,whose outputs are fed into a trained artificial neural network that categorizes the observable activity into five classes.Activity shifts from primarily nighttime incandescence to ash emissions following the 3 March paroxysm,which likely relates to the reemergence of the buried lava lake.Time periods exhibiting plume emissions are further analyzed using a row and column projection algorithm that identifies plume onsets and calculates apparent plume horizontal and vertical rise velocities.Plume onsets are episodic,occurring with an average period of～50 s and suggests a puffing style of degassing,which is commonly observed at Villarrica.However,the lack of clear acoustic transients in the accompanying infrasound record suggests puffing may be controlled by atmospheric effects rather than a degassing regime at the vent.Methods presented here offer a generalized toolset for volcano monitors to classify and track emission statistics at a variety of volcanoes to better monitor periods of unrest and ultimately forecast major eruptions.  相似文献   

含采空区层状岩体微震信号传播规律试验研究     

贾宝新  王坤  孙傲  周琳力  孙闯  苏丽娟 《岩土力学》2020,41(10):3255-3265

微震信号在层状岩体中传播规律的研究对于实现震源准确定位具有重要的现实意义。在天然岩体中，微震信号在岩层中传播的速度，不仅受其内部因素即岩石自身物理性质的影响，还受外部因素如地质结构面、断层及采空区等条件的影响。通过室内试验的方法对微震信号在不同岩层及采空区处的传播规律进行研究。结果表明：波速随着传播距离的增加而逐渐衰减，且岩层密度越大衰减越慢；穿过的结构面数量越多，微震信号传播速度衰减比例越大；能量的衰减与波速的衰减一致。采空区断面横截面积越大，微震信号通过的用时越长；采空区周围岩石密度、弹性模量等物理性质的数值越大，微震信号通过时衰减越少。边际谱分析结果表明：断层对频率高的微震信号阻碍作用更强。  相似文献   

云南地区地壳上地幔三维S波速度与径向各向异性结构研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

陈浩朋  李志伟  储日升  谢军  崇加军  叶庆东 《地球物理学报》2018,61(8):3219-3236

云南地区地处青藏高原东南缘，一直是地球科学研究的热点地区.目前，一些热点问题，如云南地区是否存在中下地壳低速流及其空间分布，仍有一定的争议.通过建立云南地区精细的地壳上地幔速度与各向异性结构，可为深入认识上述问题提供重要信息.本文利用天然地震波形记录，采用双台法提取了12~60 s周期的Rayleigh和Love波相速度频散，并进一步反演获得了云南地区10~100 km的三维地壳上地幔SV和SH波速度及径向各向异性结构.结果表明：S波速度与径向各向异性结构在横向和垂向均存在显著变化.在20~30 km深度，存在两个低速条带，且条带内呈现出正径向各向异性（V_SH>V_SV）特征，暗示了中下地壳低速物质的水平向运动.在80~100 km深度，云南西南和东南部显示为低速异常和正径向各向异性特征，暗示了软流圈物质的水平流动.在云南北部的丽江、攀枝花和昭通地区，岩石圈地幔中则存在明显的负径向各向异性（V_SH<V_SV），可能反映了地幔物质的上涌痕迹.历史强震多发生在地壳低速区域或高低速过渡带，且地震附近的径向各向异性为负或者较弱.一些地震震源下方存在低速层，地壳低速层可能会促进强震发生.  相似文献   

Automatic stacking‐velocity estimation using similarity‐weighted clustering          下载免费PDF全文

Guochang Liu  Chao Li  Xingye Liu  Qiang Ge  Xiaohong Chen 《Geophysical Prospecting》2018,66(4):649-663

Local seismic event slopes contain subsurface velocity information and can be used to estimate seismic stacking velocity. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to estimate the stacking velocity automatically from seismic reflection data using similarity‐weighted k‐means clustering, in which the weights are local similarity between each trace in common midpoint gather and a reference trace. Local similarity reflects the local signal‐to‐noise ratio in common midpoint gather. We select the data points with high signal‐to‐noise ratio to be used in the velocity estimation with large weights in mapped traveltime and velocity domain by similarity‐weighted k‐means clustering with thresholding. By using weighted k‐means clustering, we make clustering centroids closer to those data points with large weights, which are more reliable and have higher signal‐to‐noise ratio. The interpolation is used to obtain the whole velocity volume after we have got velocity points calculated by weighted k‐means clustering. Using the proposed method, one obtains a more accurate estimate of the stacking velocity because the similarity‐based weighting in clustering takes into account the signal‐to‐noise ratio and reliability of different data points in mapped traveltime and velocity domain. In order to demonstrate that, we apply the proposed method to synthetic and field data examples, and the resulting images are of higher quality when compared with the ones obtained using existing methods.  相似文献   

门源地区地壳三维体波速度结构及地震重定位研究   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5       下载免费PDF全文

左可桢  陈继锋 《地球物理学报》2018,61(7):2788-2801

本文使用甘肃、青海数字地震台网及中国地震科学探测台阵记录到的门源地区地震的P波和S波到时资料，应用双差层析成像方法联合反演了该地区的地壳三维速度结构和震源位置参数.结合地质构造背景，研究了门源M_S6.4地震孕育发生的深部介质环境及该地区速度结构与地震活动性之间的关系.结果表明：反演之后地震的走时残差均方根显著降低，重定位后的地震在垂直方向上呈现出与断层位置有关的条带状分布.门源地区地壳速度结构存在明显的不均匀性，浅层P波和S波速度结构与地表地质构造及地形特征密切相关.研究区内地震活动性与地壳速度结构具有很强的对应关系，地震主要分布在高速异常区域及其边缘.门源M_S6.4地震震中附近的P波和S波速度结构表现出明显的高速异常，且在震源区下方存在P波低速层，这种特殊的构造条件可能是导致此次地震发生的重要原因.  相似文献   

新疆地区一维地壳速度模型研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

陈向军  上官文明  宋秀青 《地震工程学报》2018,40(2):294-304

利用新疆区域地震台网观测到的2009年1月—2014年7月Pn、Sn、Pg和Sg震相数据,综合使用线性拟合、折合走时、PTD定深方法和HypoSAT定位方法确定该地区Pg、Pb和Pn的平均传播速度(v_(Pg),v_(Pb),v_(Pn))、康拉德界面和莫霍面的深度(H_(conr)和H_(moho))范围,以速度和深度步长分别为0.1km/s、1km精度迭代计算样本数据,通过对比分析计算结果与全国地震统一编目和3400模型下样本数据的定位结果后,确定RMS平均值最小的一维速度模型。在新模型中v_(Pg)、v_(Pb)和v_(Pn)分别为6.10km/s、6.70km/s和8.20km/s,H_(conr)和H_(moho)分别为26km、54km。通过检验对比,认为本文获得的新模型优于新疆地区现有的3400模型。  相似文献   

Velocities of shallow overland flow on semiarid hillslopes          下载免费PDF全文

Viktor Polyakov  Mark A. Nearing  Jeffry Stone 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2018,43(12):2578-2583

A series of 188 rainfall plot simulations was conducted on grass, shrub, oak savanna, and juniper sites in Arizona and Nevada. A total of 897 flow velocity measurements were obtained on 3.6% to 39.6% slopes with values ranging from 0.007 m s^‐1 to 0.115 m s^‐1. The experimental data showed that shallow flow velocity on rangelands was related to discharge and ground litter cover and was largely independent of slope gradient or soil characteristics. A power model was proposed to express this relationship. These findings support the slope–velocity equilibrium hypothesis. Namely, eroding soil surfaces evolve such that steeper areas develop greater hydraulic roughness. As a result overland flow velocity becomes independent of the slope gradient over time. Our findings have implications for soil erosion modeling suggesting that hydraulic friction is a dynamic, slope and discharge dependent property. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

华北北部地区地壳三维P波速度结构的双差地震层析成像     

杨峰 《地震》2019,39(1):58-71

利用区域固定台站和华北科学探测台阵记录的10461个近震事件的183909个Pg波绝对走时和495753个相对走时数据, 采用双差地震层析成像获得华北北部(37.5°~41.5°N, 111.5°~119.5°E)范围内的地壳三维P波速度结构模型。 结果表明: 研究区内各主要构造单元具有明显不同的速度结构特征, 速度异常的走向与区域构造的走向一致, 浅层速度图像很好地反映了地表地质和岩性的变化; 重定位后的大部分地震集中在0~20 km的深度上, 主要位于低速区的内部或高速和低速区的交界部位; 三河—平谷和唐山地震震源区中、 下地壳的低速异常可能是流体的显示。 结合前人成果和本文模型所揭示的深、 浅结构, 我们认为太平洋板块在中国东部之下的俯冲和滞留引起板块脱水、 软流圈物质上涌等一系列过程, 软流圈热物质到达上地幔顶部并沿超壳断裂上侵进入地壳, 致使上地幔顶部和下地壳中的含水矿物发生脱水作用产生流体, 流体继续上移造成中、 上地壳发震层的弱化, 从而导致大地震的发生。 因此华北北部地区的强震活动, 以及地壳结构的非均匀性应是与太平洋板块俯冲、 滞留引起的深部过程密切相关的。  相似文献   

1927年古浪8级大震及其周边地区三维地壳P波速度结构特征          下载免费PDF全文

刘白云  王小娜  尹志文  王维欢  董宗明 《地球物理学报》2018,61(10):3980-3993

本文联合利用甘肃及周边测震台网记录的古浪及周边地区4592次地震的P波绝对到时资料和相对到时资料，采用双差地震层析成像方法反演了古浪震源区高分辨率的三维P波速度精细结构.结果显示，浅部P波速度分布与地表地质之间具有很好的对应关系.皇城—双塔断裂带在6 km以上深度表现为高速异常带，而在6~15 km逐渐转换为明显的低速特征，之后再次转换为高速体.震区下部在10~20 km深度有一个尺度约200 km²的低速异常体，地震发生时破裂首先在该低速体发生，与主震空间位置非常吻合.主震区的岩石结构主要由奥陶纪变质砂岩、石英岩和加里东期的花岗岩等坚硬岩体组成.这种坚硬岩体对应的P波速度结构为高速体，有利于能量积累.武威盆地在20 km以上深度表现为明显的低速异常，在25 km深度之下，整体显示为高速体，表现出稳定块体的特征.表明武威盆地中下地壳和上地幔顶部已插入到冷龙岭隆起带之下.震区小震重新定位发现，皇城—双塔断裂带东、西两段表现出不同的力学运动性质，西段以逆冲运动为主，地震主要发生在断裂的下盘.而东段地震却主要发生在上盘，断层活动以局部拉张为主.我们还首次发现在皇城—双塔断裂带的中段与主破裂呈垂直方向存在有在主震发生时新产生的一条共轭断层，基于小震的断层面参数反演显示该断裂是一高倾角运动性质以右旋为主兼具正断的断裂.  相似文献   

Regional Scale Seismological Investigation on the Continent Crust Using Airgun Sources——A Perspective Review   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Wang Weitao  Wang Baoshan  Jiang Shengmiao  Hu Jiupeng  Zhang Yuansheng 《中国地震研究》2018,32(3):315-329

The investigations on the structure and temporal variations of the continent crust have been the long-lasting topics of seismology. The artificial sources play the most important role in these studies for their well-known locations and occur times among all the sources producing elastic waves, so that precise results are obtained. In past decades, we have successfully excited the airgun sources in on-land water bodies such as reservoirs, expanding their applications in marine seismology. Large volume airguns have been used to produce low frequency signals which can travel hundreds of kilometers after stacking, providing a source connecting the exploration seismology and traditional seismology at regional scale. In this review, we introduce the changes through which we turn the airgun into scientific instruments by experiments. We also present the advances on imaging the continental crust structure and monitoring the velocity variations using the highly repeatable signals emitted by airgun sources. The potential applications such as imaging the subsurface of urban areas and high resolution illuminating of mines are proposed and the challenges for further investigations are also discussed.  相似文献